马志坤,刘舒,任萌,马健,习通源,王建新,万智巍,田多,任维鹤
MA Zhikun,LIU Shu,REN Meng,MA Jian,XI Tongyuan,WANG Jianxin,WAN Zhiwei,TIAN Duo,REN Weihe

• 1:西北大学文化遗产学院
• 2:中国-中亚人类与环境“一带一路”联合实验室
• 3:西北大学文化遗产学院
• 4:文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

新疆地区是农业文明和游牧文明相互碰撞、交流和融合的重要区域。位于新疆东天山北侧的石人子沟遗址是一处大型青铜时代至早期铁器时代的超大型聚落。目前,已有的考古资料表明该遗址出土了炭化裸大麦(Hordeum vulgare var. nudum)遗存,以及羊、马等动物骨骼和羊粪遗存,为复原先民的农业和牧业活动提供了重要线索,但对于裸大麦等农作物是否为本地种植以及羊和马等动物的畜养方式等问题依然不清晰。本研究对石人子沟遗址内西北侧四个含文化层的剖面沉积物开展了大植物浮选、植硅体和孢粉分析工作,发现1颗炭化裸大麦、大量禾本科(Poaceae)植物茎叶植硅体和少量可能来自大麦类植物稃壳的植硅体;花粉类型较为丰富,组合面貌以草本和灌木占优势,主要由麻黄属(Ephedra)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、菊科蒲公英型(Taraxacum-type)、蒿属(Artemisia)组成。孢粉组合中,大型禾本科栽培植物(直径大于40μm)、云杉属(Picea)植物和桦木属(Betula)植物时常出现;除此以外,见有较多的粪壳菌属(Sordariaspp.)和隐裂壳菌属(Delitschia spp.)粪生真菌孢子。与自然剖面的对比,结果显示在文化层沉积物提取的炭化裸大麦种子、大麦类植物稃壳植硅体以及大型禾本科栽培植物花粉等植物证据共同揭示了石人子沟遗址发现的裸大麦很可能是本地先民种植,而且植物花粉组合以及粪生真菌孢子的大量出现说明石人子沟遗址附近很可能存在放牧行为。本研究对于深化青铜时代以来新疆东天山地区古人农牧活动策略等认识具有重要的推动作用。
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has seen continuous interaction between agriculturalist and pastoralist based on survival strategies throughout prehistory. One locus of this exchange is the Shirenzigou Site in the northern Tianshan mountains of Xinjiang which shows signs of discontinuous habitation from the early Bronze Age through to Iron Age. Evidence for pastoralism and agriculture has previously been suggested based on the presence of carbonized naked barley(Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) seeds, horse and caprine bones, and caprine feces excavated from Shirenzigou. However, whether the barley, sheep or horse were local feed is unclear. Our study finds substantial evidence for the first time that naked barley was probably grown locally and that the local pasture lands have been used consistently for grazing. These findings are based on sediments from three cultural profiles from the Shirenzigou Site and one natural profile from a nearby location. Samples from the 4 profiles have been investigated for flotation, phytolith and pollen analyses. The results shows: 1) 1 charred naked barley seed were founded by flotation; 2) Phytolith analysis recovered abundant phytoliths from stems and leaves of Poaceae plants, and some limited phytoliths from barley husks;3) Pollen from large Poaceae cultivated plants(diameter >40 μm), phedra, Chenopodiaceae, Taraxacum-Type,Artemisia, Picea, Betula, together with spores of coprophilous fungi from Sordaria spp. and Delitschia spp. were found.With more biological remains founded in the cultural profiles than the natural profile, it then indicates that naked barley was probably grown at the Shirenzigou Site. Meanwhile, the sporo-pollen assemblage and the spores of coprophilous fungi probably implies that herds of animals were likely grazed at the Shirenzigou Site. Our study demonstrates that the pastoralist occupants of the Shirenzigou Site practiced both agriculture and animal husbandry in the northern Tianshan from the Bronze Age.

关键词(KeyWords)： 炭化种子;植硅体;孢粉;农牧经济;石人子沟遗址;新疆
carbonized seeds;phytoliths;pollen;agro-pastoral economy;Shirenzigou Site;Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(22YJCZH127);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大专项项目(2022JZDZ026);; 陕西省社会科学基金项目(2022G004);; 国家自然科学基金项目(41807436,42107475);; 博士科研启动项目(2020QD03);; HIST衡阳分中心项目(2022HSKFJJ008)共同资助~~

作者(Author): 马志坤,刘舒,任萌,马健,习通源,王建新,万智巍,田多,任维鹤
MA Zhikun,LIU Shu,REN Meng,MA Jian,XI Tongyuan,WANG Jianxin,WAN Zhiwei,TIAN Duo,REN Weihe

DOI: 10.16087/j.cnki.1000-0674.20230519.001

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